process emulsion

1) Engineering: emulsion

2) Polygraphy: photosensitive emulsion, process emulsion

3) Oil: photographic emulsion

4) Makarov: emulsion (светочувствительный слой)

SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics

[br]

[br]

[br]

Born of French parents, Lippman's work began with a distinguished career in classics, philosophy, mathematics and physics at the Ecole Normale in Luxembourg. After further studies in physics at Heidelberg University, he returned to France and the Sorbonne, where he was in 1886 appointed Director of Physics. He was a leading pioneer in France of research into electricity, optics, heat and other branches of physics.

In 1886 he conceived the idea of recording the existence of standing waves in light when it is reflected back on itself, by photographing the colours so produced. This required the production of a photographic emulsion that was effectively grainless: the individual silver halide crystals had to be smaller than the shortest wavelength of light to be recorded. Lippman succeeded in this and in 1891 demonstrated his process. A glass plate was coated with a grainless emulsion and held in a special plate-holder, glass towards the lens. The back of the holder was filled with mercury, which provided a perfect reflector when in contact with the emulsion. The standing waves produced during the exposure formed laminae in the emulsion, with the number of laminae being determined by the wavelength of the incoming light at each point on the image. When the processed plate was viewed under the correct lighting conditions, a theoretically exact reproduction of the colours of the original subject could be seen. However, the Lippman process remained a beautiful scientific demonstration only, since the ultra-fine-grain emulsion was very slow, requiring exposure times of over 10,000 times that of conventional negative material. Any method of increasing the speed of the emulsion also increased the grain size and destroyed the conditions required for the process to work.

[br]

SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics

[br]

[br]

[br]

The young Eastman was a clerk-bookkeeper in the Rochester Savings Bank when in 1877 he took up photography. Taking lessons in the wet-plate process, he became an enthusiastic amateur photographer. However, the cumbersome equipment and noxious chemicals used in the process proved an obstacle, as he said, "It seemed to be that one ought to be able to carry less than a pack-horse load." Then he came across an account of the new gelatine dry-plate process in the British Journal of Photography of March 1878. He experimented in coating glass plates with the new emulsions, and was soon so successful that he decided to go into commercial manufacture. He devised a machine to simplify the coating of the plates, and travelled to England in July 1879 to patent it. In April 1880 he prepared to begin manufacture in a rented building in Rochester, and contacted the leading American photographic supply house, E. \& H.T.Anthony, offering them an option as agents. A local whip manufacturer, Henry A.Strong, invested $1,000 in the enterprise and the Eastman Dry Plate Company was formed on 1 January 1881. Still working at the Savings Bank, he ran the business in his spare time, and demand grew for the quality product he was producing. The fledgling company survived a near disaster in 1882 when the quality of the emulsions dropped alarmingly. Eastman later discovered this was due to impurities in the gelatine used, and this led him to test all raw materials rigorously for quality. In 1884 the company became a corporation, the Eastman Dry Plate \& Film Company, and a new product was announced. Mindful of his desire to simplify photography, Eastman, with a camera maker, William H.Walker, designed a roll-holder in which the heavy glass plates were replaced by a roll of emulsion-coated paper. The holders were made in sizes suitable for most plate cameras. Eastman designed and patented a coating machine for the large-scale production of the paper film, bringing costs down dramatically, the roll-holders were acclaimed by photographers worldwide, and prizes and medals were awarded, but Eastman was still not satisfied. The next step was to incorporate the roll-holder in a smaller, hand-held camera. His first successful design was launched in June 1888: the Kodak camera. A small box camera, it held enough paper film for 100 circular exposures, and was bought ready-loaded. After the film had been exposed, the camera was returned to Eastman's factory, where the film was removed, processed and printed, and the camera reloaded. This developing and printing service was the most revolutionary part of his invention, since at that time photographers were expected to process their own photographs, which required access to a darkroom and appropriate chemicals. The Kodak camera put photography into the hands of the countless thousands who wanted photographs without complications. Eastman's marketing slogan neatly summed up the advantage: "You Press the Button, We Do the Rest." The Kodak camera was the last product in the design of which Eastman was personally involved. His company was growing rapidly, and he recruited the most talented scientists and technicians available. New products emerged regularly—notably the first commercially produced celluloid roll film for the Kodak cameras in July 1889; this material made possible the introduction of cinematography a few years later. Eastman's philosophy of simplifying photography and reducing its costs continued to influence products: for example, the introduction of the one dollar, or five shilling, Brownie camera in 1900, which put photography in the hands of almost everyone. Over the years the Eastman Kodak Company, as it now was, grew into a giant multinational corporation with manufacturing and marketing organizations throughout the world. Eastman continued to guide the company; he pursued an enlightened policy of employee welfare and profit sharing decades before this was common in industry. He made massive donations to many concerns, notably the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and supported schemes for the education of black people, dental welfare, calendar reform, music and many other causes, he withdrew from the day-to-day control of the company in 1925, and at last had time for recreation. On 14 March 1932, suffering from a painful terminal cancer and after tidying up his affairs, he shot himself through the heart, leaving a note: "To my friends: My work is done. Why wait?" Although Eastman's technical innovations were made mostly at the beginning of his career, the organization which he founded and guided in its formative years was responsible for many of the major advances in photography over the years.

[br]

SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics

[br]

[br]

[br]

Auguste and his brother Louis Lumière (b. 5 October 1864 Besançon, France; d. 6 June 1948 Bandol, France) developed the photographic plate-making business founded by their father, Charles Antoine Lumière, at Lyons, extending production to roll-film manufacture in 1887. In the summer of 1894 their father brought to the factory a piece of Edison kinetoscope film, and said that they should produce films for the French owners of the new moving-picture machine. To do this, of course, a camera was needed; Louis was chiefly responsible for the design, which used an intermittent claw for driving the film, inspired by a sewing-machine mechanism. The machine was patented on 13 February 1895, and it was shown on 22 March 1895 at the Société d'Encouragement pour l'In-dustrie Nationale in Paris, with a projected film showing workers leaving the Lyons factory. Further demonstrations followed at the Sorbonne, and in Lyons during the Congrès des Sociétés de Photographie in June 1895. The Lumières filmed the delegates returning from an excursion, and showed the film to the Congrès the next day. To bring the Cinématographe, as it was called, to the public, the basement of the Grand Café in the Boulevard des Capuchines in Paris was rented, and on Saturday 28 December 1895 the first regular presentations of projected pictures to a paying public took place. The half-hour shows were an immediate success, and in a few months Lumière Cinématographes were seen throughout the world.

The other principal area of achievement by the Lumière brothers was colour photography. They took up Lippman's method of interference colour photography, developing special grainless emulsions, and early in 1893 demonstrated their results by lighting them with an arc lamp and projecting them on to a screen. In 1895 they patented a method of subtractive colour photography involving printing the colour separations on bichromated gelatine glue sheets, which were then dyed and assembled in register, on paper for prints or bound between glass for transparencies. Their most successful colour process was based upon the colour-mosaic principle. In 1904 they described a process in which microscopic grains of potato starch, dyed red, green and blue, were scattered on a freshly varnished glass plate. When dried the mosaic was coated with varnish and then with a panchromatic emulsion. The plate was exposed with the mosaic towards the lens, and after reversal processing a colour transparency was produced. The process was launched commercially in 1907 under the name Autochrome; it was the first fully practical single-plate colour process to reach the public, remaining on the market until the 1930s, when it was followed by a film version using the same principle.

Auguste and Louis received the Progress Medal of the Royal Photographic Society in 1909 for their work in colour photography. Auguste was also much involved in biological science and, having founded the Clinique Auguste Lumière, spent many of his later years working in the physiological laboratory.

[br]

SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics

[br]

[br]

[br]

The son of a hatter, Bennett studied medicine and was interested in mechanical devices, chemistry and later photography. An interior view shown at a South London Photographic Society meeting in March 1878 prompted requests for details of Bennett's procedure, and these were published almost immediately. It involved heating gelatine silver bromide for extremely long periods with an excess of silver bromide. The resulting emulsion had greatly enhanced sensitivity. This "ripening" process proved to be a major advance in the development of modern photographic emulsions. It was not patented and was soon widely adopted. Bennett's process became a key factor in the establishment of a new industry, the mass production of gelatine dry plates.

[br]

1 solution, answer, remedy, way out of a problem.

2 liquid solution, homogeneous mixture, emulsion, solution.

3 solution to a mathematical equation, answer, solution.

4 solution, liquid preparation which contains one or more dissolved chemicals.

* * *

► nombre femenino

1 solution

■ la solución del problema the solution to the problem

* * *

1) solution

2) answer

* * *

1) (Quím) solution

2) (=respuesta) [de problema] solution, answer (a to)

3) (Teat) climax, dénouement

4)

* * *

a) (Mat, Quim) solution

b) (salida, remedio) solution

- solución de continuidad

* * *

a) (Mat, Quim) solution

b) (salida, remedio) solution

- solución de continuidad

* * *

solución¹

¹ = resolution, solution, cure, remediation, work-around [workaround].

solución²

² = solution.

Nota: Compuesto líquido.

* * *

1 ( Mat) solution

2 (salida, remedio) solution

eso sería la solución a todos sus problemas that would be the answer o solution to all his problems

se debe encontrar una pronta solución al conflicto we must find a rapid solution to the conflict, we must resolve o settle the conflict quickly

una solución negociada a negotiated settlement o solution

son asuntos de difícil solución there are no easy answers to these problems

este chico no tiene solución ( fam); this kid is a hopeless case ( colloq)

break, interruption

Solomonic solution, compromise solution

B ( Quím) solution

* * *

◊ encontrar una solución a algo to find a solution to sth

* * *

solución nf

1. [remedio] solution;

pegarle una bofetada no es solución slapping her is not the solution o answer;

no veo solución para este lío I can't see any way out of this mess;

este problema no tiene solución there's no solution to this problem;

este niño no tiene solución this child is impossible

2. [de problema matemático] solution

3. [disolución] solution

solución limpiadora [para lentillas] cleansing solution;

solución salina saline solution

4. [interrupción]

pasaron del invierno al verano sin solución de continuidad they went straight from winter to summer;

la corrupción pasó sin solución de continuidad de la dictadura a la democracia the corruption continued uninterrupted o seamlessly from dictatorship to democracy

* * *

f solution;

no tener solución fig be hopeless

* * *

solución nf, pl - ciones

1) : solution (in a liquid)

2) : answer, solution

* * *

solución n solution

* * *

1. ( помещение) chamber, compartment

герметизи́ровать ка́меру

1. ( уплотнять) seal the chamber

2. ( создавать положительный перепад давления) pressurize the chamber

2. ( внутренняя оболочка шины) (inner) tube

3. ( внутренняя часть фотоаппарата) camera

4. горн. chamber

ка́мера Бо́йса — Boys rotating lens-type camera

броди́льная ка́мера — fermentation room

бурова́я ка́мера — drill chamber

ва́куумная ка́мера — vacuum chamber

ва́куумно-косми́ческая ка́мера — space chamber

ва́рочная ка́мера ( для вулканизации шин) — curing bag

вентиляцио́нная ка́мера — air-ventilation chamber

взрывна́я ка́мера горн. — blasting chamber

ка́мера Ви́льсона — (Wilson) cloud chamber

ка́мера Ви́льсона, диффузио́нная — diffusion cloud chamber

вла́жная ка́мера — moist chamber

водоприё́мная ка́мера гидр. — water intake chamber

возду́шная ка́мера — wind chamber

ка́мера вса́сывания ( в насосе) — inlet chamber

вулканизацио́нная ка́мера — vulcanization [curing] chamber

высо́тная ка́мера — altitude chamber

(высо́тная) ка́мера воспроизво́дит усло́вия, существу́ющие на больши́х высо́тах — an altitude chamber simulates conditions up to extreme hights

вытяжна́я ка́мера — exhaust chamber

ка́мера глазирова́ния пищ. — glazing chamber

ка́мера глуши́теля — baffle chamber

ка́мера горе́ния ( в печи) — primary furnace

ка́мера грохоче́ния горн. — grizzly chamber

грязева́я ка́мера — mud chamber

ка́мера давле́ния — pressure vessel; pressure chamber

дезактивацио́нная ка́мера ( для обработки после поражения радиоактивными веществами) — decontamination chamber

дезинфекцио́нная ка́мера — disinfector

декомпрессио́нная ка́мера — decompression chamber

ка́мера деле́ния яд. физ. — fission chamber

ка́мера деле́ния, многоэлектро́дная — multiplate fission chamber

дели́тельная ка́мера яд. физ. — fission chamber

дистилляцио́нная ка́мера — distillation chamber

диффузио́нно-конденсацио́нная ка́мера — diffusion (cloud) chamber

ка́мера для дожига́ния ( отходящих газов) — combustion chamber

ка́мера для запа́рки поча́тков текст. — cop steaming box

ка́мера для испыта́ния в солево́м тума́не, коррозио́нная — salt-spray chamber

ка́мера для окра́ски распыле́нием авто — (paint) spray booth

ка́мера догора́ния ( в печи) — secondary furnace, secondary combustion space

ка́мера дожига́ния ав. — reheat [afterburner] chamber

дожига́тельная ка́мера ( в печи) — secondary furnace, secondary combustion space

дробестру́йная ка́мера — shot-blasting chamber

ка́мера дробле́ния

1. горн. crusher chamber

2. ( щековой дробилки) breaking space

дугогаси́тельная ка́мера ( в выключателях-автоматах) — arc chute

дутьева́я ка́мера ( в печи) — wind box

заглушё́нная ка́мера ак. — anechoic [echo-free] chamber, dead [free-field] room

загру́зочная ка́мера

1. loading chamber

2. с.-х. feed chamber

зака́лочная ка́мера — hardening [quenching] chamber

заря́дная ка́мера горн. — charging room, battery (charging) room

измельчи́тельная ка́мера с.-х. — chopper chamber

ионизацио́нная ка́мера — ionization [ion] chamber

ионизацио́нная, воздухоэквивале́нтная ка́мера — air-equivalent ionization chamber

ионизацио́нная, возду́шная ка́мера — free-air ionization chamber

ионизацио́нная, двойна́я ка́мера — back-to-back ionization [double ionization] chamber

ионизацио́нная, дифференциа́льная ка́мера — differential ionization chamber

ионизацио́нная, и́мпульсная ка́мера — pulse ionization chamber

ионизацио́нная, интегри́рующая ка́мера — integrating ionization chamber

ионизацио́нная, компенсацио́нная ка́мера — compensated ionization chamber

ионизацио́нная, напё́рстковая ка́мера — thimble ionization chamber

ионизацио́нная, прото́чная ка́мера — flow-type ionization chamber

ионизацио́нная ка́мера с электро́нным и́мпульсом — fast ionization chamber

ионизацио́нная, тканеэквивале́нтная ка́мера — tissue-equivalent ionization chamber

ионизацио́нная, экстраполяцио́нная ка́мера — extrapolation ionization chamber

искроулови́тельная ка́мера метал. — spark condensing chamber

ка́мера иску́сственного кли́мата — environmental [climatic] chamber, climatizer

ка́мера ка́бельной ли́нии — cable line cell

киносъё́мочная ка́мера — motion-picture [cine] camera

киносъё́мочная, люби́тельская ка́мера — amateur cine camera

киносъё́мочная, многообъекти́вная ка́мера — multiple-lens camera

киносъё́мочная, мультипликацио́нная ка́мера — animation-cartoon camera

киносъё́мочная, подво́дная ка́мера — underwater motion-picture [underwater cine] camera

киносъё́мочная, регистрацио́нная ка́мера — instrumentation camera

киносъё́мочная, ручна́я ка́мера — band-held motion-picture [hand-held cine] camera

киносъё́мочная, скоростна́я ка́мера — high-speed cine camera

кла́панная ка́мера — valve chamber

коагуляцио́нная ка́мера — coagulation tank

ка́мера коксова́ния — coking chamber

компрессио́нная ка́мера — compression chamber

конденсацио́нная ка́мера — (Wilson) cloud [condensing] chamber

ка́мера кондициони́рования — conditioning chamber

копти́льная ка́мера — smoking [smoke] chamber, smoke-room, smoke cabinet

ка́мера котла́, водяна́я — heater of a boiler

лучева́я ка́мера ( для электроннолучевой плавки) — beam chamber

ка́мера манипуляцио́нная ручна́я ка́мера ( для работы с радиоактивными веществами) — glove box

ка́мера молоти́лки, приё́мная — feeder house

молоти́льная ка́мера — heating chamber

морози́льная ка́мера — freezing room, freezing chamber

ка́мера нагнета́ния ( насоса) — discharge [pressure] chamber

напо́рная ка́мера ( насоса) — discharge [pressure] chamber

направля́ющая ка́мера ( для ленты видеомагнитофона) — concave guide

насо́сная ка́мера горн. — pump chamber, pump room

низкотемперату́рная ка́мера — cold chamber

ка́мера облуче́ния — irradiation chamber

ка́мера оку́ривания — fumigating chamber, fumigator room

осади́тельная ка́мера — settling chamber

оса́дочная ка́мера — settling vessel

отжига́тельная ка́мера — annealing chamber

ка́мера отрыва́ющего аппара́та с.-х. — stripping chamber

отсто́йная ка́мера — settling chamber

ка́мера охлажде́ния ( топки) — secondary furnace

ка́мера очё́са с.-х. — combing chamber

парова́я ка́мера — steam chamber

пека́рная ка́мера — baking chamber

плави́льная ка́мера — melt(ing) chamber

ка́мера подава́теля комба́йна — feeder house

ка́мера подогре́ва двс. — (pre)heating chamber

помо́льная ка́мера метал. — grinding chamber

поплавко́вая ка́мера тепл. — float chamber

ка́мера предвари́тельного прессова́ния с.-х. — precompression chamber

предсоплова́я ка́мера ( летательного аппарата на воздушной подушке) — plenum chamber

прессова́льная ка́мера с.-х. — bale [baling] chamber

ка́мера прессова́ния ( в литье под давлением) — pressure chamber

приё́мная ка́мера

1. inlet chamber

2. с.-х. feed chamber

промы́вочная ка́мера — washing chamber

пропа́рочная ка́мера — steam-curing chamber

пряди́льная ка́мера — spinning cell

пузырько́вая ка́мера яд. физ. — bubble chamber

пузырько́вая, «чи́стая» ка́мера яд. физ. — clean-type bubble chamber

пускова́я ка́мера ракет. — precombustion chamber

пылеосади́тельная ка́мера — dust-collecting chamber

пылеотдели́тельная ка́мера — dust-separation chamber

разгру́зочная ка́мера

1. с.-х. discharge chamber

2. тепл. balancing chamber

разря́дная ка́мера — discharge chamber

распа́рочная ка́мера рез. — steam-softening chamber

ка́мера распредели́тельного устро́йства эл. — switchgear cell

распыли́тельная ка́мера

1. spray [atomizing] chamber

2. двс. jet chamber

расшири́тельная ка́мера — expansion chamber

реверберацио́нная ка́мера — reverberation chamber

рентге́новская ка́мера — X-ray camera

рентге́новская, порошко́вая ка́мера — powder X-ray camera

ка́мера сгора́ния — combustion chamber

… происхо́дит прога́р ка́меры сгора́ния ркт. — …then the combustion chamber burns up [burns out]

удаля́ть нага́р из ка́меры сгора́ния двс. — de-gum the combustion chamber

ка́мера сгора́ния, вихрева́я — high-turbulence [vortex, swirl-type] combustion chamber

ка́мера сгора́ния, кольцева́я ( газотурбинного двигателя) — annular combustion chamber

ка́мера сгора́ния ма́ршевого дви́гателя — sustainer [cruising] chamber

ка́мера сгора́ния, противото́чная — reverse-flow combustion chamber

ка́мера сгора́ния, прямото́чная — straight flow [direct-flow] combustion chamber

ка́мера сгора́ния, сверхзвукова́я — supersonic combustor

ка́мера сгора́ния со стабилиза́торами пла́мени — can combustor

ка́мера сгора́ния с плё́ночным охлажде́нием — film-cooled combustion chamber

ка́мера сгора́ния с турбулиза́торами пото́ка — baffle-type combustor

ка́мера сгора́ния, тру́бчатая — tubular-type [can-type] combustion chamber

ка́мера сгора́ния, тру́бчато-кольцева́я — canular combustion chamber

ка́мера сгора́ния, поворо́тная — swiveling combustion chamber

семенна́я ка́мера с.-х. — seed vessel

ка́мера сжа́тия двс. — compression chamber

смеси́тельная ка́мера — plenum [mixing] chamber

смесите́льная ка́мера карбюра́тора — mixing tube

соплова́я ка́мера тепл. — steam belt; nozzle chamber

сортиру́ющая ка́мера ( масс-спектрометра) — sorting chamber

ка́мера спектро́графа — spectrograph camera

спира́льная ка́мера ( гидротурбины) — spiral case

стереофотограмметри́ческая ка́мера — stereometric camera, photogrammetric stereocamera

стерилизацио́нная ка́мера с.-х. — sterilizing box

сульфитацио́нная ка́мера пищ. — sulphitation chamber

суши́льная ка́мера — drying cell, drying chamber

суши́льная ка́мера непреры́вного де́йствия дер.-об. — continuous kiln

суши́льная ка́мера периоди́ческого де́йствия дер.-об. — intermittent kiln

телевизио́нная (передаю́щая) ка́мера — television [TV] camera

повора́чивать телевизио́нную ка́меру в вертика́льном направле́ний — tilt the camera

повора́чивать телевизио́нную ка́меру в горизонта́льном направле́нии — pan the camera

телевизио́нная, переносна́я ка́мера — portable pick-up TV camera

телевизио́нная, репорта́жная ка́мера — field TV camera

телевизио́нная ка́мера с бегу́щим лучо́м — flying-spot TV camera

телевизио́нная, студи́йная ка́мера — studio TV camera

телевизио́нная, цветна́я ка́мера — colour TV camera

телевизио́нная, чё́рно-бе́лая ка́мера — monochrome TV camera

то́почная ка́мера тепл. — furnace

тороида́льная ка́мера ( ускорителя частиц) — toroidal chamber, doughnut

ка́мера увлажне́ния дер.-об. — humidifying chamber

увлажни́тельная ка́мера пищ. — humidifying chamber

уравни́тельная ка́мера — singe tank

успокои́тельная ка́мера ( аэродинамической трубы) — plenum chamber

ферментацио́нная ка́мера пищ. — fermentation room

форса́жная ка́мера ав. — afterburner

ка́мера форсу́нки ав. — nozzle chamber

фотографи́ческая ка́мера — (photographic) camera

фотографи́ческая, зерка́льная ка́мера — reflex (photographic) camera

фотографи́ческая ка́мера кругово́го обзо́ра — all-sky (photographic) camera

фотографи́ческая, лу́нная ка́мера астр. — moon (photographic) camera

фотографи́ческая, широкоуго́льная ка́мера — wide-angle (photographic) camera

фоторепродукцио́нная ка́мера — process [reproducing] camera

ка́мера хлопкоубо́рочной маши́ны, приё́мная — cotton receiving chamber

ка́мера хлопкоубо́рочной маши́ны, рабо́чая — picking throat, cotton picking receptacle

холоди́льная ка́мера — refrigerating chamber

холоди́льная, сбо́рная ка́мера — sectional cooler

ка́мера хране́ния багажа́ — cloakroom, luggage room

цикло́нная ка́мера — vortex chamber

швицева́льная ка́мера кож. — sweat pit

ка́мера ши́ны — tyre (inner) tube

ка́мера ши́ны, автомоби́льная — automobile (inner) tube

ка́мера ши́ны, велосипе́дная — bicycle (inner) tube

ка́мера ши́ны, самозакле́ивающаяся — self-sealing (inner) tube

ка́мера шлаковика́ — slag chamber

шлюзова́я ка́мера — sluice [lock] chamber

щитова́я ка́мера горн. — shield chamber

экологи́ческая ка́мера с.-х. — environmental cabinet

электроли́тная ка́мера — electrolyte chamber

эмульсио́нная ка́мера яд. физ. — emulsion chamber, pellicle stack